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Nalanda, located in the eastern Indian state of Bihar, is a place deeply rooted in history, with its name resonating globally as an ancient center of learning and spirituality. The ruins of the world's most ancient university stand tall in Nalanda, narrating tales of its glorious past when it attracted scholars from all over the world. While the Nalanda University is, without doubt, the crown jewel of the region, the surrounding area is dotted with numerous spiritual sites that provide visitors a holistic experience of India's rich cultural tapestry. Here's a look at the must-visit spiritual sites in Nalanda.
1. Nalanda University Ruins:
The remnants of this ancient seat of learning are a testament to the intellectual and spiritual prowess of ancient India. Established during the Gupta dynasty in the 5th century AD, it flourished until the 12th century, making it one of the world's first residential universities. Today, the ruins with their temples, monasteries, and stupas evoke a sense of reverence and wonder.
2. Black Buddha Temple:
Adjacent to the ruins of Nalanda University stands the modern Black Buddha Temple, locally referred to as Telia Bhairav – where "tel" signifies the use of oil for protective coating. Located near Temple 14, this shrine houses an ancient, grand black Buddha statue in the Bhumisparsha Mudra. This temple is also mentioned as Baithak Bhairab in Cunningham's 1861–62 ASI report, indicating that the locals held the Buddha image in reverence even back then. This hints at an unbroken chain of religious devotion in the remnants of Nalanda.
3. Hieun Tsang Memorial Hall: Located near the ruins of the ancient Nalanda University, the Hiuen Tsang Memorial Hall stands as a tribute to the renowned Chinese traveler and scholar, Xuanzang (also known as Hiuen Tsang), who once studied at this very place. This hall illuminates his travels and the significant contributions he made to the comprehension of Buddhism in India.
4. Gridhakut Hill: Living up to its name, Vulture Peak distinctly resembles the head of a vulture due to its natural stone formations. Often referred to as "Gujjhakut" in Buddhist texts, this peak holds immense historical significance. It is believed to be one of the ancient sites where Buddha delivered his renowned Lotus Sermon. It was also a favored meditation spot for him. Even today, visitors can sense the profound spiritual energy emanating from the peak, which remains untouched by man-made extravagance. A significant discovery from this site is a Buddha statue dating back to 600 BCE, which now resides in the Archeological Museum of Nalanda.
5. Jal Mandir: The Jal Mandir, which translates to "Water Temple," signifies the location where Lord Mahavira was cremated. Legend has it that the demand for ashes from his pyre was so immense that the temple was set amidst a lake brimming with lotuses. At the heart of this picturesque temple lies the ancient "Charan Paduka" of Lord Mahavira. This very site is believed to mark where Lord Mahavira's mortal remains were cremated. Historical accounts suggest that King Nandivardhan, Lord Mahavira's elder brother, commissioned the construction of this temple.
6. Samavsharan: Samavsharan holds a significant place for Jainism devotees, marking the spot where Tirthankara Lord Mahavira enlightened his first and final disciple. The term Samavsharan, or "Samosharana," translates to "Refuge for All," representing the Tirthankara's sacred preaching hall. Etymologically, "samavasarana" combines "sama," meaning general, with "avasara," which means opportunity, symbolizing a universal space where all can seek and gain wisdom.
7. Ruins of Telhara: Telhara, a village situated in the Ekangarsarai block of Bihar's Nalanda district, is renowned for the 1st-century CE Telhara monastery. This location once thrived as a prominent Buddhist monastery in ancient India. Chronicled as "Teladhaka" in the records of the 7th-century CE Chinese traveler, Hiuen Tsang, Telhara boasts of a rich historical backdrop.
8. Surajpur Baragaon: Located near Nalanda, this village houses the Sun Temple, dedicated to the Sun God, Surya. The ancient temple is adorned with intricate carvings that depict various Hindu deities, and its history is intertwined with local legends.
9. Pippala Cave: An imposing ancient stone structure, standing at 22' high with dimensions at the base of 85' and top measurements of 81'x72', is popularly referred to as Jarasandha ki Baithak. Buddhist texts identify this site as the Pippala cave, believed to be the residence of Mahakashyapa, Buddha's principal disciple. Some scholars argue that the locale matches Xuanzang's account of the final resting place of Devadatta, Gautama Buddha's cousin.
10. Nav Nalanda Mahavihara:
Established in the 1950s, this modern institution is dedicated to Pali literature and Buddhist studies. It stands as a symbol of the continuation of Nalanda's legacy of learning and spirituality. Its serene campus with a massive Buddha statue radiates peace and calm.
11. The Nalanda Archaeological Museum: This museum offers insights into the spiritual life of ancient scholars. The sculptures of Buddha, various gods and goddesses, and artifacts from the university provide a comprehensive understanding of the socio-religious culture of the era.
Rajgir: While exploring Nalanda, visitors should not miss the opportunity to journey just 15 km further to Rajgir. Historically significant for both Buddhism and Jainism, its serene landscapes are dotted with sacred sites. The Griddhakuta Hill, or Vulture's Peak, is revered as the place where Buddha delivered many of his sermons. Close by, the peaceful Saptparni Caves, believed to be the site of the First Buddhist Council, echo tales of profound discourses. Jain devotees frequent the caves associated with Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, who spent many monsoons here. Additionally, the hot springs at Brahmakund, considered to have medicinal properties, have drawn seekers of well-being for centuries. With ancient monasteries, tranquil temples, and captivating ruins, Rajgir seamlessly weaves nature's splendor with spiritual gravitas, offering a soulful journey to every visitor.
Bodh Gaya: Bodh Gaya, located in Bihar, India, stands as the epicenter of Buddhist pilgrimage, drawing seekers from across the globe. It is here, beneath the sacred Bodhi tree, that Prince Siddhartha attained enlightenment, thus becoming the Buddha. The Mahabodhi Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage site, houses the Diamond Throne or the Vajrasana, marking the exact spot of this profound awakening. Adjacent to the temple is the present-day Bodhi tree, a descendant of the original tree under which Buddha meditated. The area also boasts a serene meditation park and multiple monasteries, each representing various countries and traditions of Buddhism. The Great Buddha statue, a towering 80-foot structure, stands as a testament to Buddha's enduring legacy. Imbued with a deep sense of serenity and spiritual energy, Bodh Gaya offers an unparalleled journey into the heart of Buddhist history and teachings.
Best Time To Visit: Consider traveling to Nalanda between October and March to bypass the intense warmth of the Indian summer months.
Nalanda, with its fascinating blend of history, spirituality, and culture, offers a deep dive into India's rich heritage. Each site is a chapter from the past, waiting to be explored and understood. Whether you're on a spiritual quest or just an avid traveler, Nalanda promises an enriching experience that transcends time.
